Thursday, October 31, 2019

African-American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African-American history - Essay Example Many differences exist between finding a political solution as compared to finding a social solution to the vexed problem of color.Racism is a sensitive issue about the color of the skin as it is popularly believed.It,in reality,is also the issue of the heart. Emotions are like the recurring storms and every storm leaves behind it, devastation in different degrees. Is it possible to find an authentic solution, viewed from all angles, to the problem of racism in America? The pages of American history daubed in bloodshed in the name of ethnicity and color asks the crying question. Can this continent be converted into a haven on this Planet Earth? The answer is simple and straightforward .To achieve that objective, the necessary prerequisites are, eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—enough, these alone can contribute to the permanent solution to the problem. Some aspects of historical injustice against the black community by the Ame rican whites are impossible to forget and forgive. Being intensely aware of the undeniable resentment of the blacks, W.E.B. Du Bois (2005, p.7) writes, â€Å"With the other black boys the strife was not fiercely sunny; their youth shrunk into tasteless sycophancy, or into silent hatred of the pale world about them and mocking distrust of everything white; or wasted itself in a bitter cry, why did God make me an outcast and a stranger in mine own house?† ... It deals with the rise of the black middle class with the spread of education amongst them. Du Bois explains how the blacks find it difficult to get assimilated in the mainstream of American society and live a confident life, though constitutionally they are equal to the white race on all counts. The barrier that separates the two races is several centuries old and is made up of several complicated layers. A black individual has to live the life of a split personality and Du Bois (p.7)writes, â€Å"One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two un-reconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.† Du Bois has vividly explains what a tough task it is for the black race to live with double consciousness. Is this expression the other name for inferiority complex? Perhaps double consciousness would be a better expression than the inferiority complex. It is not possible for the enlightened world that swears by democracy, equality and dignity of the individual to accept the African†¦.4 racial divide. If the divide philosophy is accepted, a dangerous trend is set before the world. The world already has many dividing factors to contend with like the political philosophies of communism vs. capitalism and religious conflicts. This book is the cornerstone of the literature relating to sociology. The spiritual aspects are evident throughout the contents of the book as Du Bois investigates the inner world of the entire humanity, the souls of men and women. His work, therefore, retains the permanent place in the history of black relations, not only in America, but also the entire world, wherever this problem exists. Mending

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Answer 3 history questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer 3 history questions - Essay Example However, Lincoln’s tolerance in the matter was criticized by the Radical republicans who were of the absence of any Black civil rights in the Presidential Plan. After all the Blacks were emancipated after the Civil War, the Radicals were now demanding greater rights for them as equal Americans. Abraham Lincoln was the assassinated in 1865 after which President Andrew Johnson passed legislatures in the Southern states which limited the rights of Blacks to a set of codes. Hence, the period under the administration of President Johnson saw laws restricting Black rights and supporting the domination of the Whites (Public Broadcasting Service a, n.pag.). Along with support from President Johnson and his restrictive Black codes, the Southerners tried to maintain slavery in essence. Anger erupted in the North against the unfair black codes having a detrimental effect on the support for the Presidential Reconstruction. Support for the Radical wing of the Republicans increased and in t he next congressional election of 1866, the Radical republicans won. A massive majority of seats won by them allowed them to influence the Reconstruction in the Congress. Furthermore, it could supersede any refusals of permissions made by Johnson. In the Reconstruction Act passed in 1867, five Southern Confederate states were divided into military districts and gave a framework of how the government would be organized. Southern states were also prescribed to authorize the Fourteenth Amendment so as to allow equal rights and protection for the Black slaves before they were readmitted to the Union. Following the Reconstruction Act the Blacks acquired a say in the government regulations which was a remarkable step in the history of the American politics. Years later, however, counterrevolutionary players including the Ku Klux Klan would cause reversal of the legislations brought about by the Radical Republicans thereby spurring up hostility and white supremacy in the Southern States (P ublic Broadcasting Service a, n.pag.). The 1925 film The Birth of a Nation illustrated the same era of the Southern states after the American Civil War. The film distorted the reality of the Reconstruction period by showing the Blacks as dominating the Whites in the South thereby providing glorification of the Ku Klux Klan (Public Broadcasting Service b, n.pag.). 2. John Gast’s painting Manifest Destiny, also known as the American Progress, is a vivid presentation of the American West in the 19th century. The painting demonstrates the advancements in technology as the conventional travois used by Native Americans is followed by a wagon and then a pony express. Railroads can also be seen where the trains are travelling over the rails. With the construction of railroads after the American Civil War, the West was opened up for settlers across America as well as other continents. When seen sequentially, the painting demonstrates the American Progress as it is with the Native Amer icans coming in their travois before the European and American explorers came in their carriages and expresses. Then after them came the farmers and other settlers from other parts of the country via railroads in trains. White settlers arrived from the East crossing the Mississippi while the African American settlers came from the

Sunday, October 27, 2019

HS2: Arguments For and Against the High-Speed Rail Lines

HS2: Arguments For and Against the High-Speed Rail Lines Georgiana Raluca Andrei Introduction With the rapid growth of the economy and rapid expansion of technology, there is the need for a development of infrastructure. HS2 is a proposed infrastructure project to build a high speed rail line from London to Manchester and Leeds, via Birmingham, to begin operation in 2026 and be completed in 2032. It was supported by the Labour Government after 2009 and has had the support of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government since May 2010 (Butcher in Parliament, 2015). HS2 will be constructed in two separate phases: Phase 1 from London Euston to Birmingham Curzon Street and Lichfield with intermediate stations in West London (at old Oak Common) and at Birmingham Airport; Phase 2 from the West Midlands, splitting into two legs: an eastern leg to Leeds New Lane with intermediate stations in the East Midlands and South Yorkshire; and a western leg to Manchester with intermediate stations at Crewe and Manchester Airport. In total, the scheme is estimated to cost  £42.6 billion for the infrastructure, with a further  £7.5 billion for rolling stock. The information presented by Louise Butcher on (Parliament, 2015) offers a clear report about HS2 Phase 1 of the scheme. Supporters claim that construction of HS2 is urgently needed in order to deliver wider economic and regional benefits and to meet future demands. Opponents maintain that these demands are over stated and the same outcome can be achieved with other, cheaper means. Arguments for and against HS2 are based on competing ideas not only about what the country needs in terms of new or improved rail infrastructure, but about how (if needed at all) it should be delivered and what the benefits and costs are of the ideas put forward. The two sides fundamentally disagree with the other’s interpretation of the ‘facts and figures’ about the scheme. The case for The government believes that creating a high-speed rail line between London and North of England will produce numerous advantages to society. →Travel time One of the most important benefits is the time saving. It is expected that once the project finished, it will make a difference in the time spent travelling. For example, Leeds to Birmingham is slashed from 1 hour 58 minutes to just 57 minutes. The East Midlands hub at Toton is 19 minutes from Birmingham. Manchester to Birmingham more than halves from 88 to 41 minutes (BBC News Magazine, 2015). Also, it will improve productivity through savings to journey time. →Crowds Creating a high-speed rail line would provide less crowded trains and make the journey more comfortable. This will protect the economy growth and the quality of life , and although cheaper measures might be easier ( such as upgrading existing lines), that would provide a short-term fix and it’s not suitable for long-term. →Punctuality The government argue that the HS2 trains will â€Å"stick more reliably to their timetables than the average train.† ( BBC News, 2013). This is an important issue because the pasengers value being on time . →Boosting UK economy Creating the HS2 will provide various ways to boost the economy, offering the prospect of a sustainable growth and allowing prosperity to expand beyond south east England, rebalancing UK economy. It will generate  22,000 construction jobs in the next five years  and once the entire line is running  create 100,000 jobs (BBC News Magazine, 2015). It will improve the access to employment, will make relocation of business easier and will create opportunities for increased business, tourism and leasure activities. The wider economic benefits of a UK HSR network to wider West Midlands cities, towns and shire counties is expected to be  £5.3 billion over 60 years, while the London to Birmingham route alone is expected to boost Birminghams economy by  £1.23 billion, and towns and cities in surrounding counties by  £2.5 billion (GO-HS2, 2015) . →Good for the environment HS2 will reduce dependency on air and car travel, this way reducing CO2 emissions. High speed trains are powered by electricity, so their environmental performance will improve over time as more electricity comes from renewable sources. By reducing the time travel between cities in the north of England and Scotland, it will encourage people to switch from air to rail. The construction of HS2 requires less land than building a new motorway. Also, it has the potential to stimulate further the ongoing regeneration of Birmingham city centre and boost growth around Birmingham Airport and NEC. The case against →The final bill wrong investment? The expected cost of HS2 from London to Manchester and Leeds was originally  £33bn, in 2009 prices, but earlier this year, at the time of the High Speed Rail (Preparation) Bill debate, the cost leapt to  £50bn, in 2011 prices. This excludes such things as localised infrastructure to connect with HS2, foot bridges and farm bridges to cross it. In addition, this does not include the Heathrow Link or any provision for changes to the scheme (Stop HS2, 2015). There are cheaper alternatives that would have the same effect as HS2 and will not cost as much, would be ready earlier and be better balanced in meeting needs across the whole country. →Demolition of homes and damage to rural England The most affected area will be the north of London’s Euston station. More than half of the homes affected are in or around Camden. Across the entire line more than 600 homes will be bulldozed and another 340 homes will becut off from their wider neighbourhood. Homeowners will get the market value of their property, plus 10% and moving costs Infrastructure supporting the line will be built on 250 acres of green belt land ( BBC News Magazine, 2015). HS2 threatens 350 unique habitats, 67 irreplaceable ancient woods, 30 river corridors, 24 Sites of Special Scientific Interest plus hundreds of other sensitive areas (Stop HS2, 2015). About 60 properties on the proposed phase 1 route are likely to experience levels of noise which will qualify for noise insulation under the Noise Insulation Regulations. The number of properties that may experience a noticeable increase in noise on the phase 1 route has been reduced since consultation by a third from 4,700 to around 3,100 ( BBC News Ma gazine, 2015). →Increased carbon emissions Opponents claim that few high-speed train passengers will transfer from air so the carbon emissions will not be reduced. Also, HS2 proposes to run trains at high speed which will need more energy than the existing Eurostar London-Paris trains – pushing up electricity and carbon consumption. It will use three times more energy than a normal inter-city train (HS2 Action Alliance, 2015). →Illusion of creating new jobs It’s been argued that HS2 will not actually create that many new jobs, most of them being associated with existing jobs within retail activity that have simply moved from other areas towards the new station. Over 70% of the jobs will be created in London, making London the central city. →HS2 will not benefit the ordinary traveller Building such an expensive train line would mean an increase in the train tickets. HS2 will only serve toincrease the price of train faresas train companies have to redistribute the costs associated with running on a line such as this (YouGov, 2015) Conclusion The Government is proposing to provide the capacity desperately needed across the UK through a new High Speed Rail Network. The new route will link London to Birmingham, then on to Manchester and Leeds forming what is known as the Y-Network. Eventually HSR trains will run to Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Construction of such an important project brings together people who support the cause and people who don’t. Both sides have important arguments to take into consideration when deciding which side to take. It remains a hotly contested public issue because particular individuals, groups and industries believe they benefit from HS2 while others consider that they lose out. Reference list Butcher , L. (2015) Railways: HS2 Phase 1 Commons Library Standard Note [online]. Available at http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN00316/railways-hs2-phase-1 ( accessed 1st of March 2015). BBC News Magazine (2013) HS2: 12 arguments for and against [online]. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159571 ( accessed 1st of March 2015 ). BBC News (2013) Quantifying the benefits of HS2 [online]. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22551178 ( accessed 1st of March 2015). GO-HS2 (2015) GO HS2 High speed rail [online]. Available at http://www.go-hs2.com/BenefitsOfHS2/EconomicImprovements.aspx ( accessed 1st of March 2015). Stop HS2 (2015) Stop HS2 [online]. Available at http://stophs2.org/facts ( accessed 1st of March 2015). HS2 Action Alliance (2015) Environment carbon journeys [online]. Available at http://www.hs2actionalliance.org/case-against-hs2/environment/carbon-journeys/ ( accessed 1st of March 2015). YouGov (2015) For and against: High speed rail [ online]. Available at https://yougov.co.uk/news/2012/01/20/for-against-high-speed-rail/ ( accessed 1st of March 2015).

Friday, October 25, 2019

An Understanding of the Teaching Called the New Age. Essay -- promotin

An understanding of the teaching called the new age. Since the fall of human kind from the Garden of Eden, People began to seek out the God. The desire to know and seek God had led human race to many different spiritual Understanding. We knew know that there are so many beliefs in this word. Ancient world seek Out God by worshiping god and goddesses. In the next stage, people started to question the Existence of god and start looking for answers about what God and how God is. This is Starting to bring people to know what was referred to religion. However, it has not been Satisfactory to the human mind that also constantly evolving through time. Human start to Seek out God that can be accepting with common sense also satisfy our spiritual needs without Involving things that are out and cannot be proved by reason and knowledge. One of this Reasonable new belief is The New age Teaching. The New Age This new belief can be said a new belief that puts logic as its foundations. The trust which Focuses on the needs of human life both spiritually and materially. So what is this new age? 1. â€Å" The New age movement is loosely structured network of individuals and Organizations who share a vision of new age of enlighten and harmony (Age or Aquarius) and who subscribe to A common â€Å"worldview† (Geisler dan Watkins 11) 2. The Common worldview is based on â€Å"Monism† ( all in one), Pantheism ( all In God), And Mystic (the experience of oneness with the Divine). (Eliot 15) 3. Because it is so broad and organizationally diffuse, The new age movement cannot be Categorized as a cult by any accepted sociological definitions Of Cult. (Eliot 16) So based on that definitions a new age movement can catego... ...untering Religious Pluralism : the Chalengge to Christian Faith and Mission. Downer Grove, InterVarsity, 2001. Geisler, Norman L and William Watkins. World A part: A handbook on worldviews. Grand Rapids, Baker, 1989. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index? n.d. 4 4 2014. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index? n.d. 4 4 2014. https://www.centerpointe.com/freecd/?s=0. n.d. 4 4 2014. "Membuka topeng Gerakan Jaman Baru." Momentum (2000): 17-40. "New age." 2012. Rhodes, Ron. New age movement. Michigan: Grand Rapids, 1995. Tolle, Eckhart. A new earth: Awekening to your life's Purpose. New York: Penquin Group, 2006. —. The Power of Now www.alwaysbeready.com. 2012. 4 4 2014. www.wfial.org. 2011. 4 4 2014. Zakarias, Ravi and Norman L Geisler. Is Your Church Ready? Grand Rapids, Zondervan, 2003.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Communication Strategies Essay

Communication is one of the most common tools of interaction among people. Communication has been around the stone ages or you can say from the very being of time, so that the people can convey ideas to each other there has always been felt the need for communication. As we know that man is a social animal, he or she can only survive in such an environment where they can interact, socialize and communicate among one another that are present around them. Man has a natural extinct of forming groups and tribes. In order to address to the various problems and issues that occur or are faced by people, they have a need to send across to other people a message so that they would help him or her, therefore communication became a necessity. Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a process of sending and receiving messages between people, whose cultural background leads them to deal, interpret verbal and non – verbal signs differently (Salwen & Stacks, 2008). There are two trends that contributing to the rapidly increase in the importance of intercultural communication in the workplace. These trends are the global marketplace and the multicultural workforce. Diversity plays a major role in the multicultural workforce of a company. Having a diverse culture in an organization is considered to be a beneficial process that will help in an employee’s growth while it also increases the cultural sensitivity as well as the skills of the management, it is considered to be a 2 way process. Such a cultural diversity is one of the trends that are contributing to the importance of intercultural communication within the organization. Diversity awareness helps the employees learn to communicate with other employees from other cultural context. Increasing diversity within organization means that the management of the organization needs to develop programs that deal with global and as well as domestic diversity and with potential conflicts like language barriers or cultural differences (Salwen & Stacks, 2008). Example Hewlett – Packard (HP) brought its US engineers together with its French engineers, so that they would develop and design software together. And this caused a cultural difference and that difference broke down the communication. What happened is that the US engineers sent long and detailed emails to the Japanese engineers, but the engineers in Japan saw the detailed messages as patronizing and they replied those detailed emails with short and quick messages. The engineers in US, when saw those messages believed that their counterparts in Japan were withholding important information from them. This whole communication process was non – verbal and due to misunderstanding from both sides this whole process of communication got out of control. The end result of this situation was that the management of Hewlett – Packard (HP) had to hire a team of consultants, so that they would train their engineers on both sides to deal with their differences. The communication device that was used by both the parties was online mailing, which is verbal way of communicating. If we take the internet in a verbal form of communication forum, we are able to open up a world so vast that the amount of knowledge is limitless; it provides a space for any language, any culture or any religion without a bias of opinions. Anyone with the ability to use a computer can use of this tool and can get connected to the world without a hitch. If we see that emailing and the internet were not a good of communicating between both the parties, instead it created a great deal of misunderstanding between both the parties (Daft, 1997). Cultural Differences The biggest issue that is being faced by most companies is that great deals of employees do not understand the cultural differences of each other, and this causes a breakdown in communication. In this example we see that the Japanese culture differs from the American culture. In the American Culture communication plays an important role, let’s consider the US expression that ‘the squeaky wheel gets the oil’; it means that the loudest person will get the most attention and in the US attention is assumed is considered favorable. The American culture comes under a low context culture. A low context culture can be defined as a culture in which communication is used as a form of exchanging information and facts about work. Now let’s consider a Japanese expression ‘the nail that stick up gets hammered down’; it means that standing out as an individual in the Japanese culture merits unfavorable attention. Japan belongs in the high context culture, which can be defined as a culture which uses communication to enhance and increase personal relationships during the working hours as well. In the American Culture in an organization is mostly based on face-to-face confrontation and competition as ways to motivate individuals to work in an effective and efficient manner, for example, In the American culture of the management the employees are given empowerment that is empowerment of the employees at all the levels of the hierarchy is an important means of coping with challenges and problems that are being faced by the human resource department of the company. For example companies like Hewlett-Packard, Wal-Mart and Southwest Airlines sustain top performance through their people. The management of these companies pays attention to their employees and empowers them to certain degrees which in return makes their employees satisfied with their jobs and remain motivated. (Daft, 1997) Whereas in the Japanese Culture in an organization is mostly based on group harmony to efficiently and effectively, for example, in the Japanese management culture the career progression in a Japanese company is very predictable and automatic. The promotions and the increments happen as the employees spend more and more time with the company. Compensation for the employees is mostly based of tangible and intangible benefits for example, low cost loans for housing and car expanses, low paid vacations for the employees and semi-annual bonuses with pays. This is the way how employees are motivated in the company to retain them and so that they work in an effective and efficient manner. Another thing in the Japanese management culture is that the management is based on permanent employment and when the new recruits that are hired are placed under a probation period of 6 month at least and if they survive then the employees are given permanent jobs, which means that the employees will not be dismissed or terminated in the future without any reason, they will remain inevitably with the company until they do not retire. (Fullmer, 1983) Intercultural Communication Theories The intercultural communication theory that is needed for to solve the problem within the company would be Cultural Convergence. Cultural Convergence Cultural convergence is a theory which is based on effective outcomes. Cultural convergence is very closely related to a social system, where communication is considered very important and it is unrestricted between the members, eventually the system will converge over time towards a uniformity of a greater cultural. The communication system will mostly tilt towards diversity when communication is restricted. Cultural Convergence will help the company to recognizing the cultural differences and will also be able to overcome ethnocentrism (Salwen & Stacks, 2008). Recognizing the Cultural Differences: Problems like these arise when individuals assume, wrongly, that the other person’s attitudes, values, knowledge and beliefs. The management can improve intercultural sensitivity by recognizing and accommodating four main types of cultural differences. They are 1) contextual difference; it is one of the ways where individuals assign meaning to a message in accordance to cultural context, message stimuli and implicit understanding, 2) legal and ethical differences; cultural context also influences legal and ethical behavior of the employees.  For example, low context cultures like Americans, value written words more than oral communication. They believe that word agreements are binding. When a company is conducting its business overseas and across cultures, the management has to keep it messages ethical by applying 4 principles; seek mutual ground actively, send and receive messages without any sort of judgment, send those messages which are honest and lastly show some respect for cultural differences. 3) Social differences; social behavior is another distinguishing factor among all of the cultures. In any culture rules of social etiquette may be formal or informal.  And in case if formal rules are violated for any reason, the members of the culture will be able to explain why they are upset about it and if informal rules of any culture are violated for any reason, the people of that culture will feel uncomfortable and will not be able to tell the person who violated those rules why. Social differences will include use of manners, roles and status, attitudes towards materialism and attitude towards time. 4) Non-verbal differences; nonverbal communication is more reliable than verbal communication but only in the same culture because nonverbal communication is perceived differently in different cultures.  Nonverbal communication would include personal space and use of body language (Fullmer, 1983). Overcome ethnocentrism: when the management is communicating overseas and across cultures, open mindedness is consider very important and it is very effective for communication. To overcome any sort of ethnocentrism the management must remember to acknowledge distinctions, avoid any sort of assumptions and it not suppose to make any sort of judgments (Fullmer, 1983). Strategies for Dealing with the Issue Strategy is very important if the company wants to deals with its communication problems. Strategy enables the organization to achieve its stated goals and objectives and in our case would be to overcome the company’s communication issues like cultural differences. Once the company has recognized the cultural elements and has overcome its ethnocentrism, the company is then ready to develop strategies which will solve any future communication problems and it will help the employees to communicate effectively. It can be done through the following:- 1) The management needs to learn about other cultures, because it would help the management to send and receive intercultural messages effectively. ) The employees have to break through the barriers of language to communicate effectively with each other. 3) The employees would need to improve their writing and as well as oral skills (Salwen & Stacks, 2008) Conclusion Communication is the process whereby information is exchanged and understood by 2 or more people, usually with the intention of motivating or influencing peop le. There are mostly two kinds of communication; verbal and non-verbal. Communication among people can be affected by perception, communication channels, nonverbal communication and listening skills.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Looking Glass Self Essay

Good observation!!! What is acceptable in one group is not always acceptable in another. Therefore, you change your appearance based on what you what others to think about you. The others’ perceived judgment about your style makes you change your style depending upon the group. Directions: Answer the Pre-Reading questions using Chapter 5 Section 2 Guided Reading Notes. When finished, read the article The Looking Glass Self: Who Holds Our Reflections. Read the short article and answer the Guided Reading questions. Finally, write a response to the journal activity. Pre-Reading: 1. According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do people develop their personality? People develop their personality by imaging how people see self. 2. What are the steps in this process? Looking-Glass Self†¦ how we appear to others, other’ reactions toward you and finally you have to conceder such perspective from other’ The Looking Glass Self; Who Holds Our Reflections? An interesting discussion is about the theory of the Looking Glass Self by Charles Horton Cooley. Cooley thought that an individual and society do not exist separately, but rather the individual is the product society and society is the product of the individual. There are three parts to the concept; how a person thinks the other(s) perceives him, how the person thinks the other(s) judges that perception, and the reaction of the person to the assumed perceptions and judgments. I can imagine what a group of diverse people sitting around discussing this may argue, both for and against the theory. What a lively debate it could be, mixing young and old, liberal and conservative, and experienced and inexperienced into the same group. Ah, how many of those individuals, I wonder, would have dressed to convey an image to the others, would speak in certain manners in order to impress or distress, or would consider what the importance of their statements would have upon the other group members? At first, the theory seems to explain that each person is no more than a reflection of society. More realistically, the theory means we are products of our cultures, our physical surroundings, and the human beings with whom we associate. Generally, I think it can be agreed, most people want to fit into society in some manner. And to fit in means to obey some of the rules of the group to which we belong, or want to belong. Considering everyone wants to fit in somewhere, people we surround ourselves with have a great influence on who we become. The type of people that we associate with differs through the various stages of our lives; the drinking buddies we may have had in our early twenties may not be the same people we want as godparents for our children. The people from Church are probably not the people we would invite to a bachelor party. And so, as we grow older, what type of people should we associate with? What reflections of ourselves do we want to nurture? It depends on how each of us view the process of aging, what and when is â€Å"old age† to each of us, do we plan to â€Å"go gently into the night† or will we remain active in and throughout the middle and latter stages of life, just as we did in our physical youth? There are no wrong answers, merely different ways for different people. Simply being aware of the influences others have on us is important. In that way, we can more actively choose those from whom we are reflected, and be mindful of how we react to others, as reflections of who they are. Guided Reading 1. What are three examples given of step one at the end of the second paragraph? Or, how do people project their image to be judged? Dress up to convey others image, speak in certain way and what is the importance of their statement. 2. How do we become members of a group? We should adapt the social member. 3. While our surroundings shape us, what choice do we have as individuals upon our personality development? We can choice people or group that we should be affected by. For example, if I want to be healthy, I should not hang out with people who drink alcohols. Post-Reading Journal Response: Below explain a personal example about a time in your life where you experienced the Looking Glass Self. What was your imagined appearance? What were people’s reactions? How did the perceived reactions make you feel about yourself? I have two nationalities when I was born because my parents are Japanese (my father) and Thai (my mother). That means I have international family, so that I have more opportunities to interact among different nationality. When I dress up or set my hairstyle like Japanese which I think very cool style, my Thai relative, such as grandpa and grandma, looks me strangely because they does know Japanese style. It is not just only my relative but also my friends sometimes. Since there are different perspective between Japanese and Thai, I have to adapt my looks due to who I meet.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

JFK2 essays

JFK2 essays On November 22, 1963, it was said that everything changed. This was the day that President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. The facts of the J.F.K. assassination will be assessed and the many different conspiracy theories will be explored and explained. How did one of the greatest and most influential Presidents of our time become assassinated, and why? Throughout this paper the facts will be brought to your attention and therefore you will be able to draw your own conclusions. By midday of November 22, 1963, the skies overlooking Dallas, Texas showed the threat of possible rain. This did not stop President Kennedy from greeting the crowds from his open limousine. To the left of the President in the rear seat was Mrs. Kennedy. In the driver seat was agent R. Greer of the Secret Service, next to him was agent Roy H. Kellerman. In the backseats were Governor Connally and Mrs. Connaly. Directly behind the Presidential limousine was a car with eight Secret Service Agents. Behind that car was the Vice Presidential car, carrying, the Vice-president, Lyndon Johnson and his wife Lady Bird. There were also several cars and busses for additional dignitaries, press Shortly after 11:50 a.m., the motor cade left from Love Field, and preceded through neighborhoods, and only stopping two times at J.F.K.s request to greet onlookers Each time the motor cade stopped, the Secret Service men stood near the President and Mrs. Kennedy to protect them. The motor cade then preceded down Houston Street and directly ahead on the intersections northwest corner a seven story, orange brick warehouse and office building, The Texas Schoolbook Depository. At a speed of 11 miles per hour, the Presidents motor cade descended gradually toward a railroad overpass, then reaching the Stemmons Freeway. The front of the Texas Schoolbook Depository was now on the Presid...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Using the JSON Gem in Ruby

Using the JSON Gem in Ruby Its easy to jump into parsing and generating JSON in Ruby with the json gem. It provides an API for parsing JSON from text as well as generating JSON text from arbitrary Ruby objects. Its easily the most used JSON library in Ruby. Installing the JSON Gem On Ruby 1.8.7, youll need to install a gem. However, in Ruby 1.9.2, the json gem is bundled with the core Ruby distribution. So, if youre using 1.9.2, youre probably all set. If youre on 1.8.7, youll need to install a gem. Before you install the JSON gem, first realize that this gem is distributed in two variants. Simply installing this gem with gem install json will install the C extension variant. This requires a C compiler to install, and may not be available or appropriate on all systems. Though if you can install this version, you should. If you cant install the C extension version, you should gem install json_pure instead. This is the same gem implemented in pure Ruby. It should run everywhere that Ruby code runs, on all platforms and on a variety of interpreters. However, its considerably slower than the C extension version. Once installed, there are a few ways to require this gem. A require json (after a prerequisite require rubygems if needed) will require whichever variant is available and will prefer the C extension variant if both are installed. A require json/pure will explicitly require the pure variant, and a require json/ext will explicitly require the C extension variant. Parsing JSON Before we start, lets define some simple JSON to parse. JSON is typically generated by web applications and can be quite daunting, with deep hierarchies that are difficult to navigate. Well start with something simple. The top level of this document is a hash, the first two keys hold strings and the last two keys hold arrays of strings. { CEO: William Hummel, CFO: Carlos Work, Human Resources: [ Inez Rockwell, Kay Mcginn, Larry Conn, Bessie Wolfe ], Research and Development: [ Norman Reece, Betty Prosser, Jeffrey Barclay ]} So parsing this is quite simple. Assuming this JSON is stored in a file called employees.json, you can parse this into a Ruby object like so. require rubygemsrequire jsonrequire ppjson File.read(employees.json)empls JSON.parse(json)pp empls And this programs output. Note that if youre running this program on Ruby 1.8.7, the order the keys are retrieved from the hash is not necessarily the same order theyre inserted. So your output may appear out of order. {CEOWilliam Hummel, CFOCarlos Work, Human Resources [Inez Rockwell, Kay Mcginn, Larry Conn, Bessie Wolfe], Research and Development [Norman Reece, Betty Prosser, Jeffrey Barclay]} The empls object itself is just a hash. Nothing special about it. It has 4 keys, just as the JSON document had. Two of the keys are strings, and two are arrays of strings. No surprises, the JSON was faithfully transcribed in Ruby objects for your perusal. And thats about all you need to know about parsing JSON. There are some issues that come up, but those will be covered in a later article. For just about every case, you simply read a JSON document from a file or over HTTP and feed it to JSON.parse.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

20 Top Party Colleges Can You Still Get a Good Education

20 Top Party Colleges Can You Still Get a Good Education SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In popular culture, college life is often portrayed as a nonstop party full of fun, bacchanalian times. While these portrayals are a bit exaggerated, some colleges have garnered reputations as being particularly festive. This raises the following questions:should you go to a party school? And can you get a good education at a party school? In this article, I'll define what a party school is, provideparty school rankings, and explain how you can still get a quality education from a college known for its epic parties. What Is a Party School? A party school has a very active on-campus party scene. In other words, there are frequent and numerous parties, which are usuallywell attended and act as popular social events for students. Universitiesthat are described as party schools generally have high rates of student drinking and drug use as well as a large number of fraternities and sororities. What Are the Top Party Colleges? Our list below is based onThe Princeton Review's listof the top 20 party schools in the US. Their list was created using students' answers to survey questions. According to The Princeton Review, the biggestparty schoolsare those at which students indicated a combination of low daily personal study hours (outside of class), high usages of alcohol and drugs on-campus, and high popularity of fraternities and sororities. Most top party schools are large public universities. Because large schools have more students, they often have a more vibrant social scene and more fraternities and sororities. Below, I'vecreated a table with the top 20 party schools, their undergraduate enrollments, and the average range of standardized test scores of admitted applicants. All private colleges arein bold. marsmettnn tallahaassee/Flickr Rank School Location Undergraduate Enrollment Middle 50% SAT Middle 50% ACT 1 University of Delaware Newark, DE 18,144 50-1330 25-29 2 West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 22,504 1010-1200 21-27 3 Tulane University New Orleans, LA 6,773 1350-1490 30-33 4 Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 15,252 60-1350 25-30 5 Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA 3,6 1250-1420 28-31 6 Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA 5,075 1270-1430 29-32 7 University of California- Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 22,186 1240-1470 26-32 8 University of Wisconsin- Madison Madison, WI 32,196 1280-1450 27-31 9 Colgate University Hamilton, NY 2,873 1310-1500 31-33 10 University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 14,470 1090-1260 23-27 The University of Alabama- Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, AL 33,028 1060-1280 23-31 12 University of Vermont Burlington, VT ,339 80-1350 25-30 13 Providence College Providence, RI 4,306 60-1330 26-30 14 Wake Forest University Winston Salem, NC 5,102 1260-1440 28-32 15 Union College (NY) Schenectady, NY 2,267 1270-1430 29-32 16 University of Maine Onoro, ME 9,279 1050-1250 22-27 17 University of Illinois- Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 33,955 1280-1480 26-32 18 University of Florida Gainesville, FL 35,246 1240-1410 28-32 19 Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 33,093 90-1330 26-30 20 Sonoma State University Rohnert Park, CA 8,551 980-70 19-24 Can You Get a Good Education at a Party School? You can definitely get a good education at a party school. Some of the top party collegesare also some of the best schoolsin the US. For example,the University of Wisconsin- Madison, the #8 ranked party school, was ranked the #15public school in the US by US News. Meanwhile, UCSB, the #7 ranked party school, is ranked both the #5 public school and the #30 national university by US News. It’s part of the University of California system, which includes some of the top research universities in the world. Finally, the University of Illinois- Urbana-Champaign (the #17 party school) hasthe bestgraduate program in library and information science in the nation. It's also important to note that not all students who attend top partycolleges participate in the party culture.Even at party schools, there are many students who don’t party. Students who don’t party often find a community of like-minded students in their dorms or in various on-campus organizations.Especially at large public universities, there are so many students that you're bound to find plenty of people who aren’t party animals. How Do You Get a Good Education at a Party School? At almost every college, there are parties and temptation that can get in the way of your studies.At party schools, there's even more temptation because there are more parties and more students who like to party. Personally, Idon’t think there’s anything wrong with doing some partying in college, but you have to take care that you're not letting your partying get in the way of your academic success. As long as you do the following, you’ll be able to enjoy the occasional party and get an exceptional education. #1: Manage Your Time Regardless of whether you party or not, time management is essential when you’re in college.For many students, college is the first time they don’t have their parents regularly telling them what to do and when to do it. If you've got a test Friday morning, you need to have the discipline to not stay out late partying on Thursday instead of preparing for your test and getting a good night's sleep.If you've got a big paper due Monday, maybe you shouldn’t spend all weekend partying and start your paper Sunday evening. Even though some students can get away with this behavior, I wouldn’t advise it. To manage your time more effectively, I recommend establishing a routine each semester that will enable your academic success.Many of my Stanford peers would dedicate themselves to studying Monday-Thursday nights, relax and have fun Friday nights and Saturdays, and spend most of the day on Sundays on their academics. The amount of time you need to spend studying and doing classwork willvarydepending on your class schedule and academic strengths, but it's imperative you develop habits that will allow you to be successful. If you're working part-time or participating in athletics or other extracurricular activities, you'll have less available study time, so you'll have to manage your time exceptionally well. At Stanford, I was on the gymnastics team and had an on-campus job. Because my free time was limited, I knew that I had to take advantage of the hours I had available to focus on my academics. I did a decent job of managing my time, so I was ultimately able to have ample time for fun, too. #2: Remember Your Priorities Reminding yourself why you're in college can help prevent you from letting parties take precedence.You probably worked hard in high school and chose to attend college to get a quality education and useful opportunities. What's more, college is a costly investment. If you neglect your studies to party, you’re not getting the most out of your educational opportunities. For 2018-19, the total cost of attendance for one year at Tulane- the #3 party school- is more than $72,000. Hopefully, you wouldn’t want to pay that much money just so you can play beer pong with your friends! #3: Choose Your Classes Wisely When you’re choosing your class schedule, try to pick the classes that interest you and will help you graduate with your desired major. Too many students try to avoid Friday classes or early morning classes so that school won’t interfere with their partying.Because of your other responsibilities and time commitments, you might not be able to take every class that interests you, but, ideally, you won't allow your intended partying schedule to influence the classes you take. Admittedly, I didn’t like early morning classes and preferred not to take them because I’m not a morning person. However, I still ended up taking all the classes I needed and wanted to take. #4: Maintain Balance In college, you’re likely going to have to juggle a number of responsibilities, in addition to the parties you might be attending. Many college students go to class, work, and participate in extracurricular activities. They can’t party so much that it takes away from their other responsibilities, but they’re able to find the time to be able to work hard and play hard. On the other hand, there are many students who spend so much time in the library that they forget to have fun and interact socially with their peers. I definitely encountered some of these students during my time at Stanford.I recommend that you make sure to have fun while you’re in college and enjoy yourself. I’m not advocating breaking any laws, but some of my greatest memories are from my social activities with my friends while I was in college. Parties can help form and strengthen friendships,and they can give you some quality stories you’ll cherish when you’re older and all your friends are too busy to party. dennis crowley/Flickr Conclusion: Should You Go to a Party School? Even though you’re not in college to party, parties can be a large part of the college experience, regardless of the school you attend. While party schools have more parties more often, you can still get a quality education from a party school. One of my friends who went to the University of Illinois excelled during his undergraduate years and ended up getting a PhD in Engineering from UC Berkeley. On the other hand, another friend who went there spent too much time partying and lost his athletic scholarship due to drug use. Similarly, even at a college that's not considered a party school, you can party too hard and suffer academic, legal, or health consequences due to irresponsible partying. In large part, the quality of your education and your future success is dependent on the choices you make while you’re in school. If you make wise choices and prioritize your time, you can get an exceptional education- and have fun doing so! What's Next? As you're trying to decide the right school for you, make sure you understandhow to research colleges effectively. If you want to attend a school that embraces diversity, check out my articles on the most diverse colleges and the most LGBTQ-friendly colleges. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Saturday, October 19, 2019

How Everyman presents the idea about Religion and Hypocrisy Essay

How Everyman presents the idea about Religion and Hypocrisy - Essay Example How Everyman presents the idea about Religion and Hypocrisy Even though we are unable to see God, religion makes us believe in our hearts that He exists and observes everything we do all the time, wherever we go. Due to religion, most people believe that we live our lives in order appease God by trying to make it good since he will approve the manner in which we lived our lives. Through living in the will of God, according to gospel, we believe that He will enable us have eternal life. This makes religion to appear very important to man since no one would prefer going to hell to having eternal life. The writer of â€Å"Everyman† discusses the ideas on religion and hypocrisy in his article. In the story, at the beginning, the messenger assures us that we might be relaxed about our sins at the period they take place, and we can also enjoy our earthly wealth not knowing that all these will come to pass in the day of reckoning (2121). As the story continues, the messenger explains that when we die, our good deeds and sins are taken with us in grave. However, he says that it is good that our good deeds overcome our sins in order to face God with a little hope in the Day of Judgment. The good deeds we had are the only ones that determine our eternity. God’s character reveals to us that the story is about Christian beliefs since God is presented as Jesus, being hanged on the cross. Everyman’s character presents a real example of hypocrisy. In the outside view, he appears to have everything. For instance, he had a family, wealth, beauty, knowledge and strength. His state is admirable and is the kind of life most people wish to have.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Benefits of Going Green Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Benefits of Going Green - Essay Example At a global level, sustainable development has gained importance ever since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Based on the UNFCC Article 3.4, sustainable development needs to be integrated with national development policies by considering the need for economic development to address climate change problems. In this convention, the focus has been more on reduction of greenhouse gas emission and their targets than on sustainable development. After this, much discussion has been done on the links between sustainable development and climate change and the inclusion of sustainable development concept in environmental policy. The sustainable development requirements approach to environmental policy started in developed nations first. Reports show that greenhouse gas emissions are going on rising with the ongoing economic reforms that aim at improving economic growth (Mc Kibbin, 2004). Based on economic theory, there are two main mitigation measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. One is a tradable permit system for emission rights and the other is taxing carbon emissions.... Studies have shown that the permit system for emission rights developing nations will result in a rise in costs in terms of sacrificing economic growth since most economic activities rely on energy here. The shift from cheap fossil fuels to expensive non-carbon energy will adversely affect economic growth and development (Prasad and Kochher, 2009). Recent estimates show that the cost for investment in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 550 MtCO2 in the major energy emitting sectors cost S$25billion, which is equivalent to the amount needed for the development goals here(Prasad and Kochher,2009). The next possible option is carbon taxing. Taxing can be practically problematic since the taxes will be imposed on not only the emissions that are removed on the margin but on all emissions. Consequently, the income transfers from the firms to government will be very much larger than the costs of greenhouse gas emission abatements (McKibbin, 2004).Thus it can be shown that any form of abat ement measure will impose significant costs in terms of sacrificing economic growth and development in developing nations. This will not be a problem for developed nations, which have already achieved a high level of development in terms of all the indicators while in developing nations, where most people live below the poverty line, sacrificing development means a lot. Based on the different scandals that arose in the recent years like Enron scandal, it is argued that business ethics is essential which plays a major role in the functioning of companies (Broomhill, 2007).Studies show the beneficial effects of green policy depend on the expectations of stakeholders and the constraints placed by the restrictive legislations produced by the states(Broomhill,

The Interactional View by Watzlawick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Interactional View by Watzlawick - Essay Example The Interactional View says that the first axiom is people are always communicating, even when they are not saying anything. It says that communication is content plus relationship. Content is what people say, while relationship is how people say them. Metacommunication is also the relationship, which the way people communicate about their communication. The last time my grandmother and I talked, the content of our topic is dating. She warned about dating white Americans because of her stereotyping that they can have very sexual views of women. I did not want to correct her that even Chinese men also have sexual views of women. Then, I told her that I am not currently dating any white or any other ethnic or racial group, but if I did, it should not be a problem because I own my heart and life. She got angry and yelled at me over the phone and hanged up. I was very hurt, but I called her again and said sorry. I remember now that my metacommunication regarding this topic is angry and d efensive. I have disrespected my grandmother. To understand more my communication with my grandmother, I can use the concepts of complementary interchange, one-up communication, one-down communication, and one-across communication. Complementary interchange means that parties know that they have power differences. One-up communication is a move to control the exchange, one-down communication is a move to give control of the exchange, and one-across communication is the move to level the control of the exchange.  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Japanese Colonialism Was no Different to Western Colonialism Essay

Japanese Colonialism Was no Different to Western Colonialism - Essay Example Although, Japanese and British colonialism took place during the same period, their colonial policies were quite different in some aspects while similar in other. The major areas in which Japan and Britain formed its colonies were significantly different. The regions where the Japanese were the most dominant in their colonial rule are Korea, Taiwan and Philippines. Whereas the British rule was prevalent in Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Their policies seemed significantly different in some aspects, yet somehow similar in others. The basic difference in the policies of these colonial powers was their aim of colonization. The colonization by Japanese aimed at extending the Japanese empire in various parts of the world. Whereas the British aimed to give independence to its colonies whenever the need arises. Their policies relating to laws, rule and regulations and economic development were significantly different. In areas of managing cultural diversity and education, their policie s were quite similar. Japanese wanted to rule its colonies directly while the British supported the idea of indirect rule. In Africa, British let the African leaders to carry out their judicial and executive functions with the support of British officials. The British were in favor of indirect rule as they did not have to spend money in order to recreate the constitutional framework and hiring and firing of government employees. By letting the native leaders to continue carrying their functions, the British were able to save manpower and money. They gave a high degree of autonomy and strength to native authorities. In areas where there was one ethnic group, the local customary laws seemed to work. In areas where there were many ethnic groups, the British made councils which were made up of the natives who were the educated elite. These councils were in the supervision of British. It seemed that British were more interested in reaping the economic benefits from the region rather than in governing it (Kenneth A. Schultz and Alexander Lee). On the other hand, the Japanese installed new governments in which the governor generals were in charge of controlling the law and accommodating the needs of the native Koreans and Taiwanese. The legal system was extremely discriminatory against native populations in the colonies. Koreans ,who had gained education could participate in government, were given fewer rights than Japanese. The natives did not have the same level of protection under Japanese law as the Japanese did and were not given the right to elect their government. This kind of discrimination was practiced in order to make the colonial subjects so weak that they are unable to rebel against the colonial powers. Later the education system was also designed as such that the colonial subjects were not provided that level of education which would lead to a rebellion or at least empowerment of the colonial subjects. The Japanese aimed to have a controlled empire whic h would be controlled from Tokyo and the laws would be no different from those which govern the original Japanese nation. Initially, the local laws were kept intact and the Supreme court in Japan had no control over those in Taiwan and Korea. The impression was given that the judiciary will remain independent of the parent company’s laws. In reality, this initiative was just taken in order to win the support of

Medical Devices Decontamination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Devices Decontamination - Essay Example s a very familiar threat of getting exposed to a number of unrevealed microorganisms that reprocessing staffs’ bear in the process of cleansing, reprocessing, and sterilization of medical instruments. Washer Disinfectors are designed to reduce the quantity and extent of reprocessing staffs exposure to this danger and make reprocessed medical devices available that are hygienic: harmless for handling, secure for patient care, and become safe at the cheapest cost. (Reichert, 2008, 34) The most favorable cleansing cleaning-reprocessing of medical devices will provide all the requirements needed to disinfect medical devices and sterilize surgical instruments and make surgical instruments harmless to handle, and diminish costs of reprocessing. The "most appropriate series of medical devices Washers Treatments" includes a sequence of mechanical and chemical conducts. (Marimargaret, 2008, 32) Mechanical conducts take account of: chilled water pre-wash using a solution of ultrasonic cleaner, detergent rinse, distilled water washes, and warm air aeration. (Jette and Lambert, 2006, 15) The chemical management involves mixture of enzymatic cleaners, lubricants and surface conditioners. Medical devices automated Washer Disinfectors, executes a pre-wash, ultrasonic (not obligatory), detergent cleaning, high temperature water rinsing, lubrication and at last drying at high temperatures in order to make medical devices methodically clean, free from any dirt or stains and sufficiently lubricate them. It is not possible to make Medical devices sterilized until and unless each and every surface is thoroughly cleaned, before sterilization process, in order to make them free from soil or debris rinse them thoroughly in order to prevent staining. The most appropriate series of treatment at the right time, correct temperature is essential to make medical devices significantly clean and safe for handling. An automated Washer Disinfectors eliminates unwanted debris with the help of

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Basic Hazardous Waste Management essay 2 (Blackman, 2001)

Basic Hazardous Waste Management 2 (Blackman, 2001) - Essay Example Another site Valley of Drum, was used for same purposes the waste material is processed here this was affecting the environment badly. In order to monitor all such activities and make them legal and harmless for the people government decided to set the rules and regulations as a result interim standard was written in 1986 and it was finalized in 1991 by the congress.(McNulty, 2009) The government decided to train people in order to attain the maximum success of saving their lives. These people are supposed to clean the hazardous waste material safely. The two paragraphed standard was written in which all the details of how to train people and their how to assure their health while they are working on specific site are mentioned. (McNulty, 2009) The key components that must be followed to evaluate the case given in description i.e. evaluate an abandoned industrial paint manufacturing facility with a good size field of 250-300 unknown, unmarked drums in the open field next to the manufacturing building are to analyse the operations carrying on in the manufacturing plant of paint factory and then cleaning up the waste material from the site next to the plant. The unmarked drums should be processed and identified; action should be taken if the steps against the standards of HAZWOPER are taken. MTBE stands for methyl tertiary butyl ether, chemical used in composition of fuels. This chemical is affecting our environment badly; it is used in fuel manufacturing companies. In United States of America MTBE is used in motor vehicle fuels as oxygenate and in gasoline as well. The main issue with the usage of MTBE is when it leaks from underground gas tanks and get mixed with

Medical Devices Decontamination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Devices Decontamination - Essay Example s a very familiar threat of getting exposed to a number of unrevealed microorganisms that reprocessing staffs’ bear in the process of cleansing, reprocessing, and sterilization of medical instruments. Washer Disinfectors are designed to reduce the quantity and extent of reprocessing staffs exposure to this danger and make reprocessed medical devices available that are hygienic: harmless for handling, secure for patient care, and become safe at the cheapest cost. (Reichert, 2008, 34) The most favorable cleansing cleaning-reprocessing of medical devices will provide all the requirements needed to disinfect medical devices and sterilize surgical instruments and make surgical instruments harmless to handle, and diminish costs of reprocessing. The "most appropriate series of medical devices Washers Treatments" includes a sequence of mechanical and chemical conducts. (Marimargaret, 2008, 32) Mechanical conducts take account of: chilled water pre-wash using a solution of ultrasonic cleaner, detergent rinse, distilled water washes, and warm air aeration. (Jette and Lambert, 2006, 15) The chemical management involves mixture of enzymatic cleaners, lubricants and surface conditioners. Medical devices automated Washer Disinfectors, executes a pre-wash, ultrasonic (not obligatory), detergent cleaning, high temperature water rinsing, lubrication and at last drying at high temperatures in order to make medical devices methodically clean, free from any dirt or stains and sufficiently lubricate them. It is not possible to make Medical devices sterilized until and unless each and every surface is thoroughly cleaned, before sterilization process, in order to make them free from soil or debris rinse them thoroughly in order to prevent staining. The most appropriate series of treatment at the right time, correct temperature is essential to make medical devices significantly clean and safe for handling. An automated Washer Disinfectors eliminates unwanted debris with the help of

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

The Sand Pebbles by Richard McKenna Essay Example for Free

The Sand Pebbles by Richard McKenna Essay The Sand Pebbles was written in 1962 by Richard McKenna and it’s about Yangtze River gunboat in 1926 and McKenna had served aboard in 1936. The novel was later acted as film in 1966 that starred Steve McQueen, Candice Bergen, Mako, Richard Crena and Richard Attenborough. The movie was directed Robert wise after Anderson adapted the novel from McKenna. The novel depicts colonialism and racism of that time in both small scales, by showing the interaction between the Chinese coolies that operated boats and American sailors and the Chinese bar girls at the shore and large scale by showing how the gunboat diplomacy was used in dominating the vulnerable china thus reducing it to a virtual anarchy by political factions and feuding warlords. The Sand of Pebbles gives a reflection on the life of American navy at a time when the china sailors were in poor light. The native Chinese mocked them, while the superior officers treated with pride and were termed as an embarrassment by their people whom they were meant to protect. The military is not regarded as a career but a way to escape and even as a punishment. Given their universal lack of sense and respect, it’s not surprising that the sand pebbles have comfort in their menial tasks; this makes the pebbles to feel superior to some people. Jake arrives and has self respect and maintains the engine without seeking the imported help and prefers the company of his engine because they deliver their best and have no emotions like the human beings that bring about conflict between them. Care, respect and his affection towards the engine display a fragile and gentle side towards Jake which leads to friendship with Po-Han whose is one of the coolies because of his understanding for the engine. Jake is uncomplicated, straight forward, reasonable, honest and treats others with high respect but trouble begins when he, together with other Sand Pebbles conflict among themselves because of various features of the world affairs and those of the society. The destiny of horrible sailors that has no likely hood to inspire interest with less identification makes The Sand Pebbles a great novel. More so it handles themes like racism, social injustice, love, friendship, military intervention, brutality of war, among other themes. Political intervention and military is the focal point of the novel. San Pablo’s mission is to protect the interests of the Americans in the foreign country and using its military power if need be. This clearly displays the colonial approach and the enthusiasm of taking advantages of the obvious division in a developing nation. This is not very different from the today’s world where by the multinational companies play some roles in politics as nations defend each other because of the oil interests. The novel touches the lives of everyone, mostly the ones used as instruments for political plans and ambitions and the decreasing differences between the military and politics. Jake finds some features in the military and discipline too hard to stomach and within his ego feels that there is some thing he can contribute and henceforth he will be valued. Currently most of consider how to make our lives better by having better job but rarely do we think broadly about thing like the politics yet Jake in 1926 could think about nationalism and patriotism The missionaries and Shirley in china forego their nationality so that they can be accepted and win the respect and trust of the Chinese revolutionaries and volunteer to assist on development and education instead of defending their countries blindly. When Jake is invited he sees this invitation as a means of simplifying his life because he has undergone a lot of suffering in the system. Jake begins a process of personal development and growth that curiously reflect the kind of revolution that took place in china It’s a thought provoking, excellent novel where emotion keeps haunting the mind. Emotion is kind of the key to the novels success while McKenna deals with big issues and themes. The reality where by the insignificant individual are affected by the social strife and politics is shared to every one who reads the novel. It is a human anti war novel with a lot of sympathy and mind provoking though it’s not clearly understood by some critics. The novel touches on recurrent situation or lessons concerning identity politics and international exploitation where by instilled fear turns in to the social currency. The events and characters have critically illustrated moral slipperiness of identity and race, falseness of the political positions, the dangers that can about due to self indulgent, justifications of social righteous and finally how the moral judgment can be termed as useless once power play is a tool of encouraging violence to rise. What the hell happened are the last words of Jake, theses cap it all, that is exploitation and violence has a means of creating crowd mentality that strips individuals and nations of discernment, of sense, of the ability to assess complexity and steering the crowds in to false and arbitrary positions despite of the existing facts and what the majority of the people feel and think. When things get to this extreme, the ruling class mentality becomes to kill or either be killed. Reference Richard McKenna 2000) the Sand Pebbles, Naval Institute Press, US

Monday, October 14, 2019

Features Of Connected Speech In English English Language Essay

Features Of Connected Speech In English English Language Essay Blurred boundaries, sounds and even words that are completely swallowed up, chewed and mangled words that force you to listen with all your acquired knowledge and a general sense of hopelessness that you are never going to manage this foreign tongue are but the most common frustrations expressed by the ESL learners I have taught. L2 users educated in a system that prides in teaching the most precise and appropriate pronunciation leaves them bewildered when they hear English (even snippets of conversation) as spoken by L1 users. They suffer a devastating diminution of phonetic information at the segmental level when they encounter normal speech (Brown, G.1990, p.60) Connected speech is not a familiar feature to even fluent speakers of English in India and so they tend to fully form the words even in informal situations, giving the impression to L1 speakers and other L2 speakers that, hes so arrogant about it all (Crystal and Davy 1975,p.8) In this essay I would analyse the features of connected speech in English, the problems they cause to L2 learners in India. In the first section I will examine the features of connected speech and move onto the challenges they cause to L2 speakers especially Indian ESL learners. I would also like to analyse my own and the prevailing attitude and practice towards learning and teaching connected speech. Finally I would like to identify the criteria that I would apply in deciding the different aspects of connected speech suitable to my learning/ teaching environment. Connected speech Underhill A (1994) defines connected speech as a flow of sounds which are modified by a system of simplifications through which phonemes are connected, grouped and modified This simplification is an unconscious process and most of the L1 speakers are often unaware of this as they practise it. (Collins B, and I. Mees 2008). The goal of connected speech is to reduce the articulatory effort required to send the message. Even though whole chunks of phonetic details are left out by the L1 speaker to maximise the ease of communication, native listener decodes these messages using the different types of support knowledge in his repertoire. This reduction often takes place within words or words in a stream of speech (Dalton C. and B. Seidlhofer, 1994), where word boundaries get blurred. Words flow seamlessly, allowing the L1 speaker to make use of the stress system to emphasise the content of the message. In this flow adjacent sounds are modified to resemble each other- Assimilation-; sounds are completely left out of words Elision-; and certain sounds maybe inserted between the words to fuse the words together at boundaries- Linking-. Features of connected speech Assimilation L1 speakers speak at a pace of 350 syllables per minute in formal speeches and 400- 450 words in informal speech. (Crystal.D 1992; 1999) When the tongue has to move from one articulating position to another at this pace, only an approximation of the phoneme can be produced. Thus all phonemes occurring within a word or in a stream of speech influence one another and adjust with the phonemes of their neighbours (Brown, G.1990). Underhill (1994) summarises assimilation as the natural result of the various speech organs cutting corners as they perform their complex sequence of movementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Though any sound can influence any other sound theoretically assimilation is limited to a few phonemes (Dalton C. and B. Seidlhofer, 1994) Alveolar consonants /t/, /d/ and /n/ at the end of a word often assimilate to the place of articulation of the consonant at the beginning of the next word (Underhill, 2005, p.60) EÉ ¡Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚  Great Britain / greÉ ªtbritÉâ„ ¢n / / greÉ ªÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ pbrÉ ªtÉâ„ ¢n / Wont come / wÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  ntkÊŒm / / wÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  nʆkÊŒm / Down by law / daÊÅ  nbaÉ ªlɆ: / / daÊÅ  mbaÉ ªlɆ: / Good girl / gÊÅ  dgÉœ:l / / gÊÅ  ggÉœ:l / Elision When the speech effort is reduced for maximum efficiency, the articulation of individual phonemes gets weakened. When these phonemes are minimised markedly they are dropped from connected speech. Elision is the process of dropping a sound (a vowel or a consonant), from a word when it is uttered as part of connected speech. RP sounds short and clipped to L2 speakers and speakers of other varieties of English due to elision of the schwa (/Éâ„ ¢/) sound. The most commonly elided sounds in English are /t/, /d/ and /Éâ„ ¢/. The consonants that are elided almost as frequently as these are /v/ and /ÃÆ' °/ /t/ First three fÉœstÃŽÂ ¸ri fÉœsÃŽÂ ¸ri Last year lÉ‘stjiÉâ„ ¢ lasjiÉâ„ ¢   /d/ ground pressure É ¡raÊÅ  ndpreʃÉâ„ ¢ É ¡raÊÅ  mpreʃÉâ„ ¢ Banned for life Bà ¦ndfÉâ„ ¢laÉ ªf Bà ¦mfÉâ„ ¢laÉ ªf /Éâ„ ¢/ Chocolate tʃɆ kÉâ„ ¢ lÉâ„ ¢t tʃɆk lÉâ„ ¢t Vegetable vɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ tÉâ„ ¢ blÃÅ' © vɆºÃƒÅ Ã‚ ¤ tÉâ„ ¢ blÃÅ' © /v/ Weve been considering WivbinkÉâ„ ¢nsideriņ¹ WÉ ªbÉ ªnkÉâ„ ¢nsideriņ¹ Needs of the NidzÉâ„ ¢vÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ NidzÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ /ÃÆ' °/ I think that was aÉ ªÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹kÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢twÉâ„ ¢z ʌΠ¸Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹kÉâ„ ¢twÉâ„ ¢z Went the way of the WentÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢weÉ ªÃƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢vÃÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ WentÉâ„ ¢weÉ ªÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ ÃƒÆ' °Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ Vowel reduction Unstressed vowels in the stream of speech are shortened and are often centralized to a schwa (/Éâ„ ¢/) sound. An unaccented diphthong in a similar setting can lose the length of the vowel glide or could even be reduced to a monophthong. Must mÊŒst mÉâ„ ¢s There ÃÆ' °eÉâ„ ¢ ÃÆ' °ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã‚  Strong and weak forms Function class words in unaccented positions are reduced to their weak forms in connected speech. The degree of reduction depends on the rate of speech delivery; the faster the speech, the greater the reduction of vowel sounds. StronÉ ¡ Weak And à ¦nd Éâ„ ¢n Of É’v Éâ„ ¢v To tʆ¹ tÉâ„ ¢ Linking Dalton C. and B. Seidlhofer (1994) describe linking as the consequence of two vowel sounds meeting at a vowel boundary. In such situations an extra sound is inserted to mark the transition between the two vowels. Linking / r/ In RP /r/ is not realised in pronunciation except when it is followed by a vowel. In connected speech /r/ is articulated when the following word starts with a vowel. Sooner suË nÉâ„ ¢ sooner or later suË nÉâ„ ¢rɆÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ leÉ ªtÉâ„ ¢ Sure ʃɆÃƒâ€¹Ã‚  sure enough ʃɆÃƒâ€¹Ã‚ rÉ ªnÊŒf Intrusive /r/ Some speakers insert a /r/ even when there is no /r/ in the spelling. Intrusive /r/ carries a certain social stigma and educated L1 speakers often deny having an intrusive /r/ in their connected speech. The presence of intrusive in connected speech is quite frequent among non-rhotic L1 speakers. Idea aÉ ªdÉ ªÃƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ idea of it aÉ ªdÉ ªÃƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢rÉ’vÉ ªt Intrusive /w/ and /j/ When a word ending in a vowel is followed by another vowel, L1 speakers insert a consonant sound that is nearer to the sound of the first vowel. É ¡o out É ¡Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹waʆ¹t I am aÉ ªjam She is ʃiË jis Catenation In connected speech, L1 speakers tend to connect the last consonant sound in a word with the first vowel sound of the next word. Keep out kiË p aʆ¹t Key pout kiË  paʆ¹t A name Éâ„ ¢ neÉ ªm An aim Éâ„ ¢n eÉ ªm Connected speech- Teach Reception and or Production? Challenges to L2 learners and teachers An awareness of connected speech features is essential to facilitate listening comprehension in an ESL learner. A lack of these features does not affect intelligibility drastically and the decision of how much (the degree) and when to convert the declarative knowledge to procedural knowledge should be left to the L2 learners. Jennifer Jenkins (2000) argues that the assimilatory process will be acquired naturally if learners progress in their knowledge and control of the language is sufficient to enable them to speed up the rate of their speech. Thus we understand that a learners acquisition of knowledge in one area would positively affect his performance in another area, and that even though most if not all of this is eminently learnable with exposure to an L1 atmosphere, it is not always teachable. The criteria for teaching connected speech would be arrived at by observing the teachability- learnability scale. What the L2 learners need at this point could be a simulation of the mate rnal speech to children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ mothers alternate between clarified and distorted forms and this seems to enable the children to develop rules of correspondence between the model and distorted forms they will normally encounter (Ratner 1984). Exposing the L2 learners to both careful colloquial speech and rapid colloquial speech could help them to understand these varieties at a declarative level and thereby position them for a procedural development at their own pace. Indian learners of English (ILE) are unfamiliar with the connected speech feature assimilation. In my anecdotal experience I have noticed that the educated speakers in India (for that matter even the uneducated speakers) utter each word in a sentence almost as though they are articulated in isolation. This syllable timed articulation is carried forward even when they speak a stress timed language like English. This trait becomes problematic at the reception level as ILE listeners expect the same vocal and phonemic clarity even when they are listening to English. Gillian Browns (1990) observation that an L2 listener suffers a devastating diminution of phonetic information, in such situations aptly summarises the confusion and panic they feel. So I believe that L2 learners of English should be made familiar with the assimilation features, so that they can understand the content of the discussion/ interaction without having to decode language features each and every time. In my teaching practices I think I have been unconsciously following the suggestions that Gillian Brown (1990) proposes: I have already suggested that I do not approve of teaching students to produce assimilated forms and elided forms. Sophisticated students who have been taught to be aware of these forms will introduce them into their own speech in a natural context when they feel able to control them Assimilation becomes a problem at the production level only when the L2 speakers interact with the L1 listeners, but then L1 listeners are mostly aware of this difficulty of the L2 speakers and make necessary adjustments to their linguistic and emotional responses. As an L2 user and as a teacher I believe that a few words uttered painfully slow to achieve connected speech would create more confusion to the L1 speaker than a total absence of assimilatory/ connected speech features. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ slower speech made to incorporate features of connected speech is reduced to gibberish (Crystal D. 1992;1999). One of the major arguments that exist against this stand is that an absence of assimilatory features would prevent the L2 speakers from using intonation patterns and rhythm and would lead to loss of fluency. (Underhill A. 1994) and he suggests exposing ESL learners to rapid colloquial speech as a useful activity for improving listening comprehension. Even though elision is a feature that is present in most Indian languages, the Indian ESL learner may struggle to understand and participate in a conversation with an L1 speaker employing rapid colloquial speech. This is because elision is not a feature that is taught in Indian classrooms. Moreover, elision carries a certain social stigma among educated Indians and so they might actively resist adopting elision in their speech practices as well. Dropping sounds is equated with a lower social class and could also be interpreted as a sign of poor education. As with assimilation, elision can cause confusion at the reception level for the L2 listener, if he has always been exposed to correct and fully articulated speech. An L2 speaker trying to include elision in a slow speech would confuse the L1 listener. As demonstrated by Crystal in his experiment the sentence I wouldnt have been able to in fluent speech may become /Éâ„ ¢ wÊÅ  bmpÉ ªneÉ ªblÉâ„ ¢/. Spoken more slowly by a learner who is being encouraged to use the various features of connected speech, it could come across like this: /Éâ„ ¢ wÊÅ  bÉâ„ ¢m pÉ ª neÉ ª blÉâ„ ¢/,with each syllable being carefully articulated. In this case it would at best sound ridiculous and at worst would be rendered completely incomprehensible. (Jennifer Jenkins, 2000) Another contentious area is the teaching of weak forms. As pointed out by David Brazil (1994) the contradiction of focusing in the classroom on a feature whose quality is precisely the result of speakers not focusing on it. This pedagogic focus may then, paradoxically, impede the later acquisition of weak forms in learning outside the classroomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Jennifer Jenkins, 2000). Jennifer Jenkins challenges the notion of the need to weaken an unimportant sound to highlight an important one and points out that if the important sounds are stressed then the meaning would become clear to the listener. Reading about this approach and thinking further on it has convinced me that this is the way to go forward. The hours of drilling that I have been forcing on my students might have been counterproductive. I feel that this is another area where declarative knowledge should be allowed to mature to a procedural knowledge at the students own pace. Listening comprehension and thereby communication is enhanced by dissimilatory practices rather than assimilatory processes, as they give primary importance to the hearers needs by subordinating the speech strategies of a speaker. I would still like to believe that the assimilatory features are what give the English language its identity. But for learners at a transactional level with L1 speakers or with other L2 speakers conquering these features could be daunting and unnecessary for everyday communication. As David Crystal (1999) suggests The possibility of L2 learners becoming competent in both syllable and stress based speech and being able to shift effortlessly from one to other, depending on the need of the circumstance, either to proclaim a national identity or to improve international intelligibility, is not an improbability and that is what I would like to strive for and encourage my learners to aim for.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media Essay -- McLuhan Understanding

Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media In his groundbreaking work, Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan posits that technologies in the â€Å"electric age† rendered it impossible for the individual to remain â€Å"aloof† anymore . Over the course of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, while an increasing presence of electric machines in daily life irrefutably signaled our nation’s arrival into the electric age, society’s â€Å"central nervous system [was] technologically extended to involve [each individual] in the whole of mankind,† McLuhan states (20). Previously disconnected, isolated individuals and groups suddenly became compressed, involved in each others’ lives, and unified into a network. As opposed to the preceding mechanical age, this was an age that sought â€Å"wholeness†-- an aspiration that McLuhan refers to as a â€Å"natural adjunct of electric technology† (21). McLuhan believes that great progress was made in the electric age; that wholeness was sought and worked towards eagerly. However, at the turn of the century, three individuals—the philosopher, historian, and writer Henry Adams, the author Henry James, and the escape artist Harry Houdini—seemed to believe society was falling short of the goals that McLuhan claims it held. To these artists, the dreams of making everything seem attainable and everyone reachable were unrealistic; complete global unification, involvement, and wholeness served as a foil for disintegrating interpersonal relations. These American artists saw technology not so much as a device that brings individuals together, but rather as a means of escaping each other, individual social lives, as well as the constraints of the natural world. The Autobiography of Henry Adams, first printed privately in 19... ... not yield wholeness, grant individual freedom, and give Americans the infinite mobility they dream of. On the contrary, technology may cause separation, destruction, and confinement. The question of whether future technologies will unite individuals peacefully or destroy civilizations ruthlessly is just as relevant, if not in fact more pressing today, at the turn of the 21st century, with a global presence of weapons of mass destruction haunting America, than it was at the turn of the 20th century. Based on his law of acceleration and increased danger, Adams might be surprised that America withstood two world wars and even entered the 21st century. But since we have, there is reason to hope that individuals and fellow nations may continue to defy Adams’ fears; that we may continue to â€Å"jump† headfirst into the future, and in doing so, eventually make progress.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

death of a salesman :: essays research papers

BANG! Your father is dead. Within a few seconds, although he attempted many times, your father dies. He gave up. All the fights, all the disrespect, and all the struggles are behind you. However, all the hope, all the passion, and all the love is still there. In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the main conflict is between Willy Lowman and his son Biff. Most of their struggles are based on disrespect; however, much of the tension throughout the play is also caused by the act of giving up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disrespectfulness is the cause of personal tension in this play. There are many occurrences where a character is being disrespectful, which triggers emotional and physical conflicts. Throughout the movie, Willy is extremely disrespectful to his wife Linda. He loses his patience every time she talks during a conversation that he is having. When he talks to Biff at the table about his new job opportunities, Linda adds some remarks like, â€Å"I’ll make breakfast,† (1853) and Willy loses his control. He turns to her quickly and tells her to shut up. Sometimes he even puts his finger angrily to her face, screaming at her to shut her mouth, even though she is just adding relative comments. Linda does not lose respect for Willy for his actions as much as Biff does. Biff cares about his mother dearly and does not like to see her being yelled at. He grinds his teeth when he sees his father yell at his mother, because he knows that if he argues, there will be that much more tension between him and his father. However, Biff cannot take it much longer because he is losing respect for his father. He knows his father should never get physical with his mother, and he finally takes action before it gets violent. He grabs Willy by the arm and screams at him not to yell at her. Willy gets angry at first, but then goes to bed guilt-ridden. Loss of respect can ruin a relationship. Biff left town for many reasons, but one important one had to do with Willy cheating on his wife. During a flashback in the play, Willy is in a room with a woman when Biff knocks on the door. The woman was actually in the washroom as Biff came in, but came out before Biff left. Biff saw the woman and knew that his father was not being loyal to his mother.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Nuclear terrorism

The most recent threat of Nuclear attack attempted on the United States has come from North Korea, as such the following essay will delve into North Korea’s investment in nuclear terrorism and the plan of action the United States has against such action.   There are several links that associate North Korea to different factions of terrorism.   The following paper will give detailed examples of North Korea’s interaction and support of each group.   The support of terrorism has many forms such as weapons or money and North Korea’s handing over of monetary funds and weapons will also be documented in this essay.   The resources necessary for terrorism to exist has a partner in government and North Korea is just such a partner. The following paper will not only address the fact of terrorism affiliation between North Korea and reputed terrorist groups and countries but also that North Korea has their own terrorist group.   This fact can be found in North Korea’s treatment toward South Korea and reported assassination attempts of their presidents on several occasions.   The terrorist affiliation North Korea harbors is one that involves not only promoting terrorism through trade with notable terrorist groups but also their own participation in Afghanistan terrorist camps and the trading of weapons technologies with such groups (Graham 20-21). North Korea is a country with a specific dichotomy between public relations.   These relations deal mainly with money.   The reason North Korea is reported to be trading with terrorists is that their funding aids in the economic growth of their country.   The support that North Korea gives to terrorist is rewarded with monetary funds from such countries as Japan, Iran, and Iraq.   This paper will organize specific examples of each country and it’s trading policy with North Korea (what items it trades for what price etc.).   The essay will also focus on how North Korea opens up trade routes covertly using bribes and coercion. The year 2000 saw the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the United States government went through a series of terrorism talks and the future state of terrorism as well as cooperation of North Korea’s government in several documented terrorism actions.   Such actions include the 1970 hijacking of a Japanese plane bound for North Korea and the subsequent sheltering of the Japanese Communist League-Red Army Faction members or hijackers, or the safe haven North Korea provided to the terrorist who were involved in the hijack.   Also, DPRK has been suspected of selling weapons to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, as specified by the Philippine government. The monetary transaction was made possible through Middle East connections (Terrorism Files, 2002).   North Korea has been on the US terrorism list sin 1988 and continues to remain on that list because of its uncooperative procedures for information on terrorist after the September 11 attacks, as Secretary of State John Bolton stated, â€Å"’North Korea has a dedicated, national-level effort to achieve a biological weapons capacity and has developed and produced, and may have weaponized, biological weapons agents. Despite the fact that its citizens are starving,† said Mr. Bolton, â€Å"the leadership in Pyongyang has spent large sums of money to acquire the resources, including a biotechnology infrastructure, capable of producing infectious agents, toxins, and other crude biological weapons. It has a variety of means at its disposal for delivering these deadly weapons.’† (North Korea and Terrorism 2002). Another terrorism threat that North Korea poses and has been linked with is nuclear terror.   In this respect according to Pakistan and US sources (as well as Libyan) this is the current threat of North Korea:   they have been supposedly training Arab terrorists for at minimum ten years at the Kim Jung-il Political and Military University.   North Korea is also linked with Osama bin Laden in arms dealing, as Triplett (2004) states in North Korea and Nuclear Terror, of the existing relationship between North Korea and bin Laden, â€Å"This was discovered in 2000 when bin Laden financed a shipment of North Korean conventional arms to a Philippine Islamic terrorist group†. North Korean nuclear weapons were also being used as tests by Pakistan (in 1998).   Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory suspect that these tests were a conglomeration between Pakistan and North Korea in nuclear testing.   Such joint ventures are not new for North Korea and their connection with terrorism.   Nuclear weapons are just the forefront of terror that North Korea has presented to the world. North Korea, since their cover-up in 1970 of the safe haven they provided to the airplane hijackers, have been affiliated with several terrorist groups as Triplett further states, â€Å"Recently a Japanese newspaper, citing military sources, reported Iranian military figures were seen at North Korea nuclear facilities. This leads allied intelligence to suspect the Iranians of trying to move their nuclear weapons program to North Korea, beyond the range of Israeli F-16 fighter-bombers†. The Pakistan, and North Korean conglomeration of trading weapons is a definite terrorism group.   The weapon testing near the Afghan border in 1998 was reported to have been the testing of Korean made missiles.   Another link between Pakistan and North Korea can be found with Major General (retired) Saltan Habib, who was responsible for covert acquisitions of nuclear technologies while presiding as the defense attachà © of Pakistan in Moscow, was posted as the ambassador to North Korea to ‘oversee the clandestine nuclear and missile cooperation between North Korea and Pakistan’ (Raman 2002). As the ambassador, Habib organized the covert shipment of missiles from North Korea to Pakistan.   Not only did Habib coordinate this shipment but he also was reported to have exchanged technology from North Korea to Pakistan on weapons technologies especially those dealing with missiles and nuclear devices as Raman states, â€Å"†¦the training of Pakistani experts in the missile production and testing facilities of North Korea and the training of North Korean scientists in the nuclear establishments of Pakistan through Captain (retired) Shafquat Cheema, third secretary and acting head of mission in the Pakistani embassy in North Korea from 1992 to 1996†. Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is one in which North Korea has strong ties.   Prior to Habib’s position with North Korea it was filled by Major General Shujjat from the Baluch Regiment.   General Shujjat was not only working for the embitterment of North Korea but clandestine actions he performed were favoring ISI for five consecutive years as Raman states, â€Å"On Captain Cheema's return to headquarters in 1996, the ISI discovered that in addition to acting as the liaison officer of the ISI with the nuclear and missile establishments in North Korea, he was also earning money from the Iranian and the Iraqi intelligence by helping them in their clandestine nuclear and missile technology and material procurement not only from North Korea, but also from Russia and the CARs†. The limits of North Korea’s involvement in terror seem boundless.   Not only have they delivered ballistic missiles to Pakistan but also they are using very covert methods by which to trade.   The beginning of 2002 was witness to mass movements of nuclear weapons across the Karakoram Highway.   These weapons were being transported from China to Pakistan with the envoy containing spare parts and other assortments.   The transportation of this shipment however has ties with North Korea because China may have accepted this movement from Pakistan only in regards to North Korea’s wishes (Raman). North Korea, Iran, and Iraq are infamously known as the Axis of Evil, because of their terrorist ties and promotion of illegal arms dealing.   North Korea has managed to become well versed in terrorism through biological, chemical, and nuclear means.   In 1988 North Korea or DPRK as well as Kim Jong-il were suspected (and this probability is almost certain) of committing to assassinate South Korean president Chun in Rangoon (or Yangun as it is known today). The assassination was to take place by strategically placing bombs atop the Martyr’s Masoleum (in dedication to Aung San the founder of independent Burma).   Although president Chun was delayed in traffic and did not succumb to the bombings, â€Å"The huge blast ripped through the crowd below, killing 21 people and wounding 46. Among the dead were the Korean foreign minister, Lee Bum Suk, the economic planning minister and deputy prime minister, Suh Suk Joo, and the Minister for Commerce and Industry, Kim Dong Whie. The rest of those killed were presidential advisers, journalists, and security officials, most of them South Korean† (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia). In finding evidence to support North Korea has having terrorist ties, it is presumably difficult.   The suspects who were responsible for the Rangoon bombings committed suicide by detonating hand grenades.   Such suspects are common in assisination attempts and thus true evidence is difficult to come by in linking North Korea directly with terrorism in some cases.   However, the 1970 safehaven as well as arms dealing that Philippine officials attest to are some of the supporting materials that accumalte against North Korea (Graham 80-85). In lieu of specific evidence to support terrorism affilitations from North Korea president Kim Jong-il admitted to the United States in 2000 that DPRK had willfully exported missiles abroad.   These missiles are traded to Syria and Iran in exchange for monetary compensation.   While Syria was reportedly a main buyer of missiles, Iran was said to be a primary buyer of not only ballistic missiles but technology as well (Wagner 2000).   The specific terrorism that exists in North Korea trading missiles to such countries exists in those countries’ intent for such exported ‘goods’.   In order for North Korea to stop association and trading of missiles, as Wagner states of the conference between the United States and North Korea held in July-August of 2000, Einhorn characterized the talks as â€Å"very useful† and said that he hopes to meet again with the North Koreans in the near future. However, on July 12, Jang â€Å"clarified† that North Korea would only continue the talks if the United States compensated Pyongyang â€Å"for the political and economic losses to be incurred in case we suspend our missile program.† During the meeting, the United States had once again rejected North Korea's long-standing demand for $1 billion per year in return for the cessation of missile exports. â€Å"North Korea should not be receiving cash compensation for stopping what it shouldn't be doing in the first place,† Einhorn said. This compensation is coercion and is a type of terrorism in and of itself.   North Korea should not be given compensation pay for ending its affilitation with terrorism simply because their economy would suffer slightly from the lose of funds selling missiles etc. had given the DPRK. North Korea has remained in close contact with different terrorist groups.   The Japanese Red Army who were given safehaven in 1970 after the plane hijacking are coherts of Middle Eastern terrorists and in this connection lies the bridge by which North Korea exports weapons (Fulford 2001).   As said prior Pakistan has a standing trade relationship with North Korea as missile buyers. The funding for such North Korean weapons development as Fulford states, â€Å"However, cutting off one of ruler Kim Jong Il's main sources of finance–illegal activities in Japan–might prove easier. North Korea's government has been manufacturing large quantities of heroin, amphetamines, weapons and counterfeit U.S. dollars to finance its weapons development programs. It sells them either through criminal gangs in Japan or via Russia and China to the U.S. and Europe, the Korea experts say.† Pakistan is also a main supporter of the Afghanistan Taliban regime and terror weapons that are used by Taliban are subsequently provided by North Korea (Fulford). Other avenues by which North Korea finds funding for weapons is through Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party.   The Party solicits succor toward North Korea in exchange for bribes as Fulford further states, â€Å"†¦when Japan gave 500,000 tons of rice aid to North Korea last year, politicians received kickbacks from North Korea, Lee says. â€Å"I was with a North Korean official as he phoned a Japanese member of parliament and told him a shipment of free fish had been sent to a company he owns,† he says.† This bribe system works by committing North Korean businessmen, who reside in Japan, to a loan.   This loan, or lend, is given by a bank and is paid back directly to North Korea and Japan.   Thus, the money cannot easily be traced.   Public money is being used to generate a working arms dealing relationship between North Korea and Japan. Public money is not the only money being used in corrupt manners:   The Japanese government aided North Korea’s atomic weapon development through its Fuji bank.   Fuji bank is one of the largest banks in the world and its involvement in the deal between North Korea and Japan was a catalyst in North Korean weapons building and trading.   Essentially Fuji paid approximately $350 million to a myriad of North Korean businesses and organizations who were prospering in Japan.   This money was given in exchange for debt collection services (Graham 61-63). The funding for weapons development in North Korea as it is funded by Japan and public money is the key component of rising terrorism at a global scale.   Due to North Korea’s association with several aforementioned terrorists groups, global terror does exist.   North Korea’s trade of missiles to different terrorist organizations promotes multilateral trade in a negative fashion because what North Korea is truly promoting is terrorism through trade. There also exist unofficial reports of North Korea terrorist involvement.   It has been established that North Korea has dealt ballistic missiles to countries: It gained the raw materials for the construction of these missiles from such countries as China.   These missiles are capable of delivering mass destruction in the form of biological as well as chemical warfare.   In late 2001 P’yongyang continued a type of global scavenger hunt for technologies dealing with the making of nuclear weapons. The procurement of the necessary plutonium for at least one nuclear weapon has set the world on edge.   As the Unclassified Congress Report (2001) states, â€Å"Spent fuel rods canned in accordance with the 1994 Agreed Framework contain enough plutonium for several more weapons.†Ã‚   Along this train of potential arms dealings P’yongyang laid the path to trade with Russia by signing the Defense Industry Cooperation Agreement. Among the trading partners that North Korea has established ties with include Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Angola, Burma, Cuba, Libya, and Syria.   Through trade with these countries North Korea is able to consistently manage its immense military operation (14% of its economic gross goes to the military despite calling in international aid to its starving people).   The trading that continues between the aforementioned countries and North Korea involves ‘arms, chemical and biological weapons materials, and even ballistic missile technology–in clear violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime. Libya, for example, recently bought 50 Rodong-1 missiles from North Korea with a range of 1,000 kilometers’ (Hwang, 2001). Among the trading countries that North Korea has ties and the materials thar are reportedly being traded, North Korea has also been invovled with overtly selling weapons to various terrorist groups such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the United Wa State Army.   The United Wa State Army is a drug affiliated Burma terrorist group residing in the golden triangle.   The golden triangle is the area between Thailand, Laos, and Burma. Not only is North Korea coordinating trading efforts with these terrorist groups but North Korea also has been training in Afghanistan terrorist camps (Hwang).   The Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, John E. McLaughlin stated of North Korean involvement of terrorism, â€Å"North Korea's challenge to regional and global security is magnified by two factors†¦first, the North's pursuit of weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles, and two, its readiness–and eagerness–to become missile salesman to the world† (Hwang). Not only is North Korea associated and in league with terrorist groups by harboring hijackers and participating in terrorist camps but North Korea is a terrorist.   In 1987 North Korean agents bombed a South Korean airplane.   North Korea has continuously be involved with terrorist attacks on South Korea a reported 300 instances.   North Korea has participated in covert assassination attempts of South Korean presidents and has traversed passed South Korean borders 15 separate times (Hwang). Not simply has North Korea been fully participatory in these incidences but as Hwang further states, â€Å"In one of the most blatant, 26 North Korean commandos in a submarine landed off the South Korean coast in September 1996; they, along with 17 South Koreans, were killed in the ensuing manhunt. Their mission is believed to have been to assassinate South Korean dignitaries†.   Therefore, North Korea guilty of fully participating in aiding terrorists through weapons and technologies and they are also delving into the leagues of terrorism by their chronic attack on South Korea (Graham 43-44). Along the lines of defining North Korea as having terrorist groups within its borders who are North Korean Hwang states that North Korea has kidnapped an unprecedented 3,600 Korean citizens since the year 1953.   In this fact there exists relevant material to consider North Korea as having terrorist intentions and actions.   Not only has North Korea abducted Koreans but reportedly also foreigners, of which ten Japanese foreigners are the most noted. In conclusion, North Korea is not only a country who supports terrorism through trade of weapons and technology but it is also a country which participates in terrorism through assassinations, and kidnappings.   North Korea then exists as a country spurned by monetary gain and by lines of distinction between trading partners and the uses those countries may have for nuclear weapons. Although the above pages attest to the development of North Korea and its invovlement with terrorism it must also be noted that the United States with the advocacy of the United Nations, has established an administration of foreign policy which will attribute to the goals of nuclear disarmament. Work Cited Allison, Graham.   (2005).   Nuclear Terrorism, The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe.   Owl Books, New York. Editorial.   North Korea and Terrorism.   2002.   (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ibb.gov/editorials/09924.htm Fulford, Benjamin.   North Korea, Another Outcropping of Terrorism.   Forbes.   September 2001. (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www2.gol.com/users/coynerhm/north_korea_another_outcropping_of_terrorism.htm Hwang, Balbina.   North Korea Deserves to Remain on US List of Sponsors of Terrorism. Asia and the Pacific.   November 2001.   (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/BG1503.cfm Raman, B.   Pakistan and the North Korea Connection.   Asia Times, October 2002.   (Online). Available:   http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ22Df01.html. Terrorism Files.   State-Sponsored Terrorism North Korea.   2002.   (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.terrorismfiles.org/countries/north_korea.html Triplett, William C.   North Korea and Nuclear Terror.   The Washington Times.   2004.(Online).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available:http://www.washingtontimes.com/commentary/20040406-101023-7315r.htm Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia.   Rangoon Bombing.   (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon_bombing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unclassified Congress Report.   2001.   (Online).   Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/721_reports/jan_jun2001.htm#5 Wagner, Alexander.   US-North Korea Terrorism Talks Resume; North Korea Admits to Exporting Rocket Technology.   Arms Control Association, September 2000. (Online).   Available:   http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2000_09/nkoreasept00.asp    Â